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Claude Bernard -
Experimental Medicine
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Effects vary with the conditions which bring them to pass, but laws do not vary. Physiological and pathological states are ruled by the same forces; they differ only because of the special conditions under which the vital laws manifest themselves.
Claude Bernard
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It seems, indeed, a necessary weakness of our mind to be able to reach truth only across a multitude of errors and obstacles.
Claude Bernard
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If I had to define life in a single phrase, I should clearly express my thought of throwing into relief one characteristic which, in my opinion, sharply differentiates biological science. I should say: life is creation.
Claude Bernard
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The doubter is a true man of science: he doubts only himself and his interpretations, but he believes in science.
Claude Bernard
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True science suppresses nothing, but goes on searching and is undisturbed in looking straight at things that it does not yet understand.
Claude Bernard
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By a marvellous compensation, science, in humbling our pride, proportionately increases our power.
Claude Bernard
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In the philosophic sense, observation shows and experiment teaches.
Claude Bernard
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We must remain, in a word, in an intellectual disposition which seems paradoxical, but which, in my opinion, represents the true mind of the investigator. We must have a robust faith and yet not believe.
Claude Bernard
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Now, a living organism is nothing but a wonderful machine endowed with the most marvellous properties and set going by means of the most complex and delicate mechanism.
Claude Bernard
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A contemporary poet has characterized this sense of the personality of art and of the impersonality of science in these words—'Art is myself; science is ourselves'.
Claude Bernard
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We must alter theory to adapt it to nature, but not nature to adapt it to theory.
Claude Bernard
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It is impossible to devise an experiment without a preconceived idea; devising an experiment, we said, is putting a question; we never conceive a question without an idea which invites an answer. I consider it, therefore, an absolute principle that experiments must always be devised in view of a preconceived idea, no matter if the idea be not very clear nor very well defined.
Claude Bernard
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In a word, I consider hospitals only as the entrance to scientific medicine; they are the first field of observation which a physician enters; but the true sanctuary of medical science is a laboratory; only there can he seek explanations of life in the normal and pathological states by means of experimental analysis.
Claude Bernard
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But while I accept specialization in the practice, I reject it utterly in the theory of science.
Claude Bernard
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Particular facts are never scientific; only generalization can establish science.
Claude Bernard
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Our feelings lead us at first to believe that absolute truth must lie within our realm; but study takes from us, little by little, these chimerical conceits.
Claude Bernard
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If an idea presents itself to us, we must not reject it simply because it does not agree with the logical deductions of a reigning theory.
Claude Bernard
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We must keep our freedom of mind,... and must believe that in nature what is absurd, according to our theories, is not always impossible.
Claude Bernard
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I do not understand how we can teach practical and exact science on the basis of statistics.
Claude Bernard
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An experiment is fundamentally just an observation induced with some object or another.
Claude Bernard
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Considered in itself, the experimental method is nothing but reasoning by whose help we methodically submit our ideas to experience — the experience of fact.
Claude Bernard
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Only when a phenomenon includes conditions as yet undefined, can we compile; we must learn, therefore, that we compile statistics only when we cannot possibly help it.
Claude Bernard
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Observation, then, is what shows facts.; experiment is what teaches about facts and gives experience in relation to anything.
Claude Bernard
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In these researches I followed the principles of the experimental method that we have established, i.e., that, in presence of a well-noted, new fact which contradicts a theory, instead of keeping the theory and abandoning the fact, I should keep and study the fact, and I hastened to give up the theory.
Claude Bernard
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The great experimental principle, then, is doubt, that philosophic doubt which leaves to the mind its freedom and initiative, and from winch the virtues most valuable to investigators in physiology and medicine are derived.
Claude Bernard
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Quote of the day
Every hand and every hour should be devoted to rescue the world from its insanity of guilt, and to assuage the pangs of human hearts with balm and anodyne. To pity distress is but human; to relieve it is Godlike.
Horace Mann
Claude Bernard
Creative Commons
Born:
July 12, 1813
Died:
February 10, 1878
(aged 64)
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