C. N. R. Rao - Understanding Chemistry (2000)

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Substances can exist in three states – gas, liquid and solid. Water exists in all three states: gas (steam or water vapour), liquid (ordinary water) and solid (ice). Properties of gases, liquids and solids are different.

C. N. R. Rao
The famous iron pillar in Delhi, erected in the Gupta period (over 1500 years ago), is a marvel. After all these years this pillar stands erect without deterioration. This rustless iron pillar is a tribute to the great ingenuity of our forefathers.

C. N. R. Rao
Even metals offer some resistance for the passage of electricity. Some materials conduct electricity without any resistance. Such materials are called superconductors.

C. N. R. Rao
It is only since 1911 that we know that atoms contain negatively charged electrons and positively charged nuclei.

C. N. R. Rao
An element is a substance which cannot be further reduced to a simpler substance by ordinary processes, and is made up of particles of one kind only.

C. N. R. Rao
Atoms were originally proposed as an idea. Although their presence was proved by various means, people did not think that they could see them directly. This was so until recently. We are now able to directly see atoms by employing powerful microscopic techniques.

C. N. R. Rao
Man's search for metals goes back to prehistoric times. Metals have been used for several thousands of years in India. Certain periods in history are associated with specific periods used extensively during that period

C. N. R. Rao
The only part of the early concept of the elements that has survived is that elements have distinctive properties.

C. N. R. Rao
Philosophers of ancient Greece and India sought an answer to this question [What is matter made of] centuries before Christ.

C. N. R. Rao