Émile Durkheim - The Rules of Sociological Method (1895)

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The first and most fundamental rule is: Consider social facts as things.

Émile Durkheim

A social fact is every way of acting, fixed or not, capable of exercising on the individual an external constraint; or again, every way of acting which is general throughout a given society, while at the same time existing in its own right independent of its individual manifestations.

Émile Durkheim

Even one well-made observation will be enough in many cases, just as one well-constructed experiment often suffices for the establishment of a law.

Émile Durkheim