Now, since the time of Newton there had been a debate about whether light was a wave—-that is, a traveling disturbance in some background medium—-or a particle, which travels regardless of the presence of a background medium. The observation of Maxwell that electromagnetic waves must exist and that their speed was identical to that of light ended the debate: light was an electromagnetic wave.
The Physics of Star Trek, HarperPerennial edition (1996), p. 17.